Estudio descriptivo de la esteatosis hepática y la morbilidad asociada en atención primaria. (Estudio ESTEATOAP) / Descriptive study of hepatic steatosis and associated morbidity in Primary Care. (ESTEATOAP Study)

OBJETIVO: Estudiar la prevalencia registrada de esteatosis hepática en atención primaria, así como la proporción de pacientes con diagnóstico de EHGNA que incluye el hígado graso simple no alcohólico (HGNA) y de esteatohepatitis no alcohólica frente a la esteatosis por otras causas. Además, se estudió la proporción de las morbilidades cardiometabólicas asociadas al HGNA. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional descriptivo. La población de estudio es la de todos los pacientes con diagnóstico registrado de esteatosis hepática en un Centro de Salud urbano que atiende a una población de 25.747 mayores de 14 años. Se calculó un tamaño muestral de 229 pacientes. Se describen las características demográficas y clínicas asociadas. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de esteatosis fue del 2,17%. Y de EHGNA del 1,51%. La media de edad de 62,42. Mujeres 114 mujeres (50,2%) y 113 varones (49,8%). Ciento cuarenta y siete (64,8%) fueron EHGNA y 64 (28,2%) fueron esteatosis por otras causas. La proporción de pacientes con EHGNA y transaminasas elevadas fue del 24,13% y la proporción de pacientes con EHGNA y elevación de GGT fue el 18,6%. Se ha encontrado una proporción elevada de EHGNA con factores de riesgo cardiometabólico: 93,9% de sobrepeso y obesidad, 55,1% de diabetes, 54,4% de hipertensión, 32,9% de síndrome metabólico, 35,2% hipertrigliceridemia y HDL de riesgo 19,6%. Entre los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos y la EHGNA se encontró relación significativa en la diabetes, la obesidad y el síndrome metabólico. DISCUSIÓN: La prevalencia fue de solo el 1,51%, quizás por la escasa importancia que se da a esta enfermedad. Hay una proporción alta de EHGNA con factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos y más en la población general. Si se consideran todas las causas de esteatosis hay una asociación significativa entre obesidad, diabetes mellitus y síndrome metabólico con la EHGNA. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia registrada de EHGNA es muy inferior a la de los estudios poblacionales, además se ha encontrado una alta presencia de los factores cardiometabólicos en estos pacientes

OBJECTIVE: To study the recorded prevalence of hepatic steatosis in Primary Care, as well as the proportion of patients diagnosed with fatty liver diseases (FLD) including simple non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) versus steatosis by other causes. In addition, the proportion of cardiometabolic morbidities associated with NAFLD liver was studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive observational study was carried out on a population that included all patients with a recorded diagnosis of hepatic steatosis in an urban health centre that serves a population of 25,747 over the age of 14. A sample size of 229 patients was calculated. The demographic and clinical characteristics associated with hepatic steatosis are described. RESULTS: The prevalence of steatosis was 2.17% and 1.51% for NAFLD. The mean age was 62.42 years. The study included 114 (50.2%) women and 113 (49.8%) males. NAFLD was found in 147 (64.8%), and 64 (28.2%) were steatosis due to other causes. The proportion of patients with NAFLD and high transaminases was 24.13%, and the proportion of patients with NAFLD and GGT elevation was 18.6%. A high proportion of NAFLD had been found with cardiometabolic risk factors: 93.9% overweight and obesity, 55.1% diabetes, 54.4% hypertension, 32.9% metabolic syndrome, 35.2% hypertriglyceridaemia, and HDL risk 19.6%. A significant association was found between cardiometabolic risk factors and NAFLD in diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. DISCUSSION: Prevalence was only 1.51%, perhaps because of the low importance given to this disease. There is a high proportion of NAFLD with cardiometabolic risk factors and more in the general population. If all the causes of steatosis are considered there is a significant association between obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome with NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS: The recorded prevalence of NAFLD is much lower than that of population studies, and a high presence of cardiometabolic factors has been found in these patients

[Descriptive study of hepatic steatosis and associated morbidity in Primary Care. (ESTEATOAP Study)]. / Estudio descriptivo de la esteatosis hepática y la morbilidad asociada en atención primaria. (Estudio ESTEATOAP).

OBJECTIVE: To study the recorded prevalence of hepatic steatosis in Primary Care, as well as the proportion of patients diagnosed with fatty liver diseases (FLD) including simple non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) versus steatosis by other causes. In addition, the proportion of cardiometabolic morbidities associated with NAFLD liver was studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive observational study was carried out on a population that included all patients with a recorded diagnosis of hepatic steatosis in an urban health centre that serves a population of 25,747 over the age of 14. A sample size of 229 patients was calculated. The demographic and clinical characteristics associated with hepatic steatosis are described. RESULTS: The prevalence of steatosis was 2.17% and 1.51% for NAFLD. The mean age was 62.42 years. The study included 114 (50.2%) women and 113 (49.8%) males. NAFLD was found in 147 (64.8%), and 64 (28.2%) were steatosis due to other causes. The proportion of patients with NAFLD and high transaminases was 24.13%, and the proportion of patients with NAFLD and GGT elevation was 18.6%. A high proportion of NAFLD had been found with cardiometabolic risk factors: 93.9% overweight and obesity, 55.1% diabetes, 54.4% hypertension, 32.9% metabolic syndrome, 35.2% hypertriglyceridaemia, and HDL risk 19.6%. A significant association was found between cardiometabolic risk factors and NAFLD in diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. DISCUSSION: Prevalence was only 1.51%, perhaps because of the low importance given to this disease. There is a high proportion of NAFLD with cardiometabolic risk factors and more in the general population. If all the causes of steatosis are considered there is a significant association between obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome with NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS: The recorded prevalence of NAFLD is much lower than that of population studies, and a high presence of cardiometabolic factors has been found in these patients.

Metformina en el tratamiento de la diabetes tipo 2 con sobrepeso u obesidad / Metformin in the treatment of type-2 diabetes in over-weigthed or obese patients

Fundamento y objetivos: La Diabetes es la enfermedad crónica cuya prevalencia ha sufrido un mayor incremento en los últimos años. La obesidad es el factor de riesgo más importante para presentar esta enfermedad y la metformina se considera una terapia de primera línea en diabéticos obesos. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la utilización de metformina y evaluar el grado de control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC) asociados, en los pacientes con DM tipo 2 en situación de sobrepeso u obesidad. Pacientes y método: Estudio descriptivo trasversal sobre una muestra aleatoria de 308 pacientes en las consultas de atención primaria. Se clasificaron los sujetos según el tratamiento antidiabético recibido en cuatro grupos (dieta, insulina, metformina y otros antidiabéticos orales). Se evaluaron el grado de control de los FRC modificables, la existencia de complicaciones y el control metabólico de la población estudiada. Resultados: La edad media fue de 69,6 años, el 54% eran mujeres. El 36,6% de los pacientes seguían tratamiento con metformina y el 40,5% con sulfonilureas. La afectación macrovascular fue del 19,4%. El FRC más frecuente resultó la hipertensión arterial en el 76%. Los objetivos de control menos alcanzados fueron el cLDL < 100 mg/dl y TAS < 130 mmHg. Los diabéticos tratados sólo con dieta tuvieron mejores controles de glucemia basal y HbA1c% que los tratados con metformina (p < 0,001) e insulina (p < 0,001). El grupo tratado con metformina presentó valores de triglicéridos (TG) significativamente más elevados que el grupo de dieta (p = 0,009) e insulina (p = 0,041). Conclusiones: A pesar de que el tratamiento indicado es la metformina, ésta se utiliza en una proporción similar a las sulfonilureas en DM tipo 2 con sobrepeso u obesidad. Existe un pobre control de la mayoría de los FRC de la población diabética estudiada

Fundament and objectives: Diabetes is the disease that has suffered a greater increase in his incidence in the last years. Obesity is the most important risk factor to develop this disease and metformin is considered as a first line drug in overweighted diabetic patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of metformin and the degree of control of the associated cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in patients suffering of type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity. Patients and methods: This is a transversal descriptive study over a random chosen group of 308 patients followed at primary care level. They were classified in four different groups depending on the treatment used to control them (diet, insulin, metformin and other oral antidiabetic drugs). They were evaluated upon the degree of control of the modifiable CVRF, the presence of complications and the metabolic control. Results: The average age was 69,6 years, 54% of the patients female. 36,6% followed treatment with metformin and 40,5% with sulfonylureas. The macrovascular percentage of affection was 19,4%. The most frequent CVRF was arterial hypertension (76%). The goal levels of control that were less in range were the levels of cLDL < 100mg/dl and systolic blood pressure < 130 mmHg. Diabetic patients only treated with diet had a better control of fasten glycemia and HbA1c% than those ones treated with metformin (p < 0.001). The group treated with metformin showed levels of triglycerides (TG) significantly higher than those of the diet controlled group (p = 0.009) and insulin group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Metformin and sulfonylureas are used in a similar proportion in type 2 diabetics with overweight or obesity. There is a poor control of the majority of the CVRF in the diabetic population studied

[Metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in overweighted or obese patients]. / Metformina en el tratamiento de la diabetes tipo 2 con sobrepeso u obesidad.

UNLABELLED: FUNDAMENTALS AND OBJECTIVES: [corrected] Diabetes is the disease that has suffered a greater increase in his incidence in the last years. Obesity is the most important risk factor to develop this disease and metformin is considered as a first line drug in overweighted diabetic patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of metformin and the degree of control of the associated cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in patients suffering of type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a transversal descriptive study over a random chosen group of 308 patients followed at primary care level. They were classified in four different groups depending on the treatment used to control them (diet, insulin, metformin and other oral antidiabetic drugs). They were evaluated upon the degree of control of the modifiable CVRF, the presence of complications and the metabolic control. RESULTS: The average age was 69.6 years, 54% of the patients female. 36.6% followed treatment with metformin and 40.5% with sulfonylureas. The macrovascular percentage of affection was 19.4%. The most frequent CVRF was arterial hypertension (76%). The goal levels of control that were less in range were the levels of cLDL < 100 mg/dl and systolic blood pressure < 130 mmHg. Diabetic patients only treated with diet had a better control of fasten glycemia and HbA1c% than those ones treated with metformin (p < 0.001). The group treated with metformin showed levels of triglycerides (TG) significantly higher than those of the diet controlled group (p = 0.009) and insulin group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Metformin and sulfonylureas are used in a similar proportion in type 2 diabetics with overweight or obesity. There is a poor control of the majority of the CVRF in the diabetic population studied.

[Who is the infrequent patient?]. / Quién es el paciente no frecuentador?

OBJECTIVE: To reach the rarely attending section of the population, in order to define its sociodemographic characteristics, and analyse its health status and use of the Health Services. DESIGN: Observational, crossover study, using a questionnaire. SETTING: Primary Care. PATIENTS: Patients over 19 assigned to four morning-shift doctors at the Parla Health Centre (Madrid) and who had not attended for health care over the preceding four years. INTERVENTION: Communication by letter and phone. Questionnaire. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 5.07% (468) of the catchment population satisfied our criteria for inclusion. More than half of these could not be located. Only 51 (10.9%) could be interviewed; and 14 (2.99%) remained in the study. Gender accounted for no significant differences. No one was over 65. Self-perception of their own health status was good or very good in 85.7%. 85.7% were smokers. 71% said that they "rarely" attended for health care. One male had three cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: We found that finding the rarely attending person was not easy. The few cases analysed do not allow for extrapolation. Our findings showed he was a married 37-year old male with a steady job in the service sector. He smokes, doesn't drink and considers himself in a good state of health.